2025 | Vorbrodt's C++ Blog

San Diego C++ Meetup #81 – December 2025 Edition

Posted on December 10, 2025 by Kobi

Hello everyone!

Our final meeting of 2025, San Diego C++ Meetup #81, took place on Tuesday, December 9th. It was a fantastic session to wrap up the year, featuring a deep dive into the intersection of Modern C++, AI tooling, and functional programming interpreter design.

For those who couldn’t make it, the full recording is available on our YouTube channel:

San Diego C++ Meetup recording: Watch here
Meetup Event Page: Link

A massive thank you to our sponsor, JetBrains, for their continued support of the San Diego C++ Meetup group. They just dropped a new release with some impressive features (including a constexpr debugger!), so be sure to check it out. We also have a special coupon code from Packt for the book Software Architecture with C++ – feel free to reach out if you missed it during the session.

The Talks

We were joined by Alfonso, who walked us through two of his comprehensive personal projects that bridge the gap between academic theory and practical systems programming.

1. Beyond the Paper: A Modular Workbench for Neural Code Analysis

The first talk introduced BERT Builder, a “batteries-included” pipeline designed to transform the theoretical work of Transformer architectures into a tangible workbench.

Implementing research papers is often messy, involving hardcoded paths and fragile scripts. Alfonso demonstrated a complete tooling ecosystem that allows users to own every step of the process.

Key Highlights:

End-to-End Pipeline: The system covers everything from automated Corpus Engineering (fetching and sanitizing GitHub repos) to tokenization, pre-training, and evaluation.
Modular Architecture: Designed for “plug-and-play” experimentation. You can swap out tokenizer strategies (Char, KeyChar, SentencePiece) or masking objectives (MLM, WWM) easily.
Scientific Rigor: Alfonso emphasized the importance of Specification-Driven Development (using “Speckit”) to ensure the tool meets rigorous academic standards while remaining hackable for the community.
AI-Assisted Development: Interesting insights were shared on using Gemini 2.5 to aid in generating the specs and code, including the challenges of enforcing Test-First Development with AI agents.

2. Building Expresso: A Purely Functional, Immutable REPL

The second part of the night explored Expresso, a lightweight, interactive REPL for evaluating expressions.

Unlike traditional interpreters that rely on mutable state, Expresso is built on a strict philosophy of immutability. Every user input is treated as a pure expression that evaluates to a new value without side effects.

Technical Details:

Hybrid Architecture: The core runtime and CLI are built with ANSI C17, while the robust lexing and parsing are handled by C++17 and ANTLR.
No-Assignment Constraint: The language enforces functional purity by disallowing variable assignment, a design choice that simplifies the mental model and prevents side effects.
Robust Testing: The project used detailed feature specifications to guide a Test-First Development process, ensuring edge cases like numeric overflow and operator precedence were verified before implementation.

It was a great evening of learning, from neural networks to compiler theory.

Thank you to everyone who attended and participated in the discussions. I wish you all a happy holiday season and a Happy New Year! See you in 2026!

Kobi

C#-style property in C++

Posted on December 5, 2025 by Martin

C# has a nice feature called class/struct property. It is a public data member but with the ability to control read/write access, underlying storage or to compute the value on the fly. You can think of it as a glorified getter/setter mechanism: a syntax sugar around get/set methods.

My idea to implement something like this in C++ started few years ago with a code review: a bunch of classes had public data members and no control over who and how they were accessed or modified. I thought to myself: there must be a better way to code it that would appear like public data but, under the hood, gave the author complete control over the variable.

My initial set of requirements was as follows:

Access and modification syntax must be indistinguishable from a regular member variable.
Access and modification seamlessly routed through user defined get/set methods.
The following condition is true: sizeof(T) == sizeof(property<T>).
Ability to subscribe to modification events.
Ability to bypass the custom get/set methods by explicit syntax only (explicit function call or type cast to the underlying type).
Works with primitive and complex types: classes with their own methods defined.
Works with arithmetic and bitwise operators.
Works with STL containers and smart pointers.

I don’t want to go over the implementation line by line, it’s almost 700 lines of code and growing. But it is useable enough that I feel comfortable sharing it. Here are the language mechanisms I used to make it work:

property<T> is a class template that uses policy-based design to specify the get/set control mechanism.
The property’s policy class allows for full control over the underlying storage: T can be a member variable or anything else capable of storing values: a file, Windows registry, web resource, etc. Currently member variable and file storage are provided but I’m happy to accept other implementations if you feel like contributing!
property<T> relies on concepts heavily to enable or disable member methods and operators.
Helper methods are provided such as make_property, strip (gain unrestricted access to the underlying type), and as_volatile.
Few template type deduction guides are provided such that creating a property<const char*> results in a property<std::string> and more.
Macros help define a whole bunch of member operators as well as standalone unary and binary ones.

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Complete source code:
property.hpp | property.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "property.hpp"

void foo(std::string& s) {}

void foo(const std::string& s) {}

void bar(std::string& s) {}

auto qaz(const property<std::string>& prop)
{
    auto tmp = property<std::string>{ prop };
    return tmp;
}

int main()
{
    using namespace std::string_literals;

    // UPDATE PROCS: called when property is modified...
    auto update_proc1 = [](const property<std::string>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };
    auto update_proc2 = [](const property<int>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };
    auto update_proc3 = [](const property<float>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };

    auto p1 = make_property<std::string>("C++11"); // property<std::string>{ "C++11" };
    auto p2 = make_property(p1); // property<std::string>{ p1 };
    auto p3 = make_property(std::move(p2)); // std::move(p2);

    p2 = qaz("C++11");
    p2 = qaz("C++11"s);

    auto s1 = "C++14"s;
    auto s2 = "C++17"s;
    auto p4 = make_property(s1); // property<std::string>{ s1 };
    auto p5 = make_property(std::move(s2)); // property<std::string>{ std::move(s2) };
    auto p6 = property<std::string>{ "C++20"s };
    auto p7 = property<std::string>{ (const std::string&)std::string{ "C++23" } };

    p1.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x11111111);
    p2.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x22222222);
    p3.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x33333333);
    p4.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x44444444);

    p1 = p6;
    p2 = std::move(p7);

    p3 = s1;
    p4 = std::move(s1);

    foo(p3); // OK! implicit user-defined type conversion returns CONST reference!
    foo(std::as_const(p3));
    foo(as_volatile(p3));
    foo(strip(std::as_const(p3)));
    foo(strip(as_volatile(p3)));

    foo(*p3); // WARNING! explicit call to operator* returns NON-const reference!
    foo(*std::as_const(p3));
    foo(*as_volatile(p3));

    foo(p4.get()); // WARNING! explicit call to get() returns NON-const reference!
    foo(std::as_const(p4).get());
    foo(as_volatile(p4).get());

    //bar(p4); // ERROR! implicit conversion to non-const reference is forbiden!
    bar(p4.get()); // OK! explicit call to get() to convert to non-const reference is allowed!
    bar(*p4); // OK! explicit call to operator* to convert to non-const reference is allowed!
    bar(strip(p4)); // OK! explicit call to strip is allowed!
    bar(static_cast<std::string&>(p4)); // OK! explicit conversion to non-const reference is allowed!

    std::string s3 = p3;
    std::string s4 = std::move(p3);

    [[maybe_unused]] auto tmp1 = p1->size();
    [[maybe_unused]] auto tmp2 = std::as_const(p2)->length();
    [[maybe_unused]] auto tmp3 = as_volatile(p3)->c_str();

    tmp1 = p1.invoke(&std::string::size);
    tmp2 = std::as_const(p2).invoke(&std::string::length);
    tmp3 = as_volatile(p3).invoke(&std::string::c_str);

    using Str = std::string;

    void(Str::*mptr1)(Str::size_type, Str::value_type) = static_cast<void(Str::*)(Str::size_type, Str::value_type)>(&Str::resize);
    p1.invoke(mptr1, p1->size() + 3, '-');
    p2.invoke(mptr1, p2->size() + 5, '*');

    Str::iterator(Str::*mptr2)(Str::const_iterator, Str::size_type, Str::value_type) = static_cast<Str::iterator(Str::*)(Str::const_iterator, Str::size_type, Str::value_type)>(&Str::insert);
    p3.invoke(mptr2, p3->end(), 7, '=');

    std::cout << p1 << std::endl;
    std::cout << p2 << std::endl;
    std::cout << p3 << std::endl;

    [[maybe_unused]] auto r1 = p1 == p2;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r2 = p1 == p1;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r3 = p1 == "C++20";
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r4 = "C++20" == p1;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r5 = p1 == "C++20"s;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r6 = "C++20"s == p1;

    auto p8 = make_property(1); // property<int>{ 1 };
    auto p8_2 = make_property<float>(1); // property<float>{ 1 };
    auto p9 = make_property(1.f); // property<float>{ 1.f };
    auto p9_2 = make_property<int>(1.f); // property<int>{ 1.f };

    p8.set_update_proc(update_proc2, (void*)0x88888888);
    p9.set_update_proc(update_proc3, (void*)0x99999999);

    //std::cin >> p8;
    //std::wcin >> p9;

    p8 = 2;
    p8 = 2.f;
    p9 = 3;
    p9 = 3.f;
    p8 = p9;
    p9 = p8;
    p8 = (int)p9;
    //p9 = p9;

    p8 += p8;
    p9 += p8;
    p8 += p9;
    p8 += 1;

    [[maybe_unused]] auto r7 = p8 < p9;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r8 = p8 == 2;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r9 = 3 == p9;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r10 = p1 == p2;
    [[maybe_unused]] auto r11 = p1 > p2;

    auto p10 = +p8;
    auto p11 = -p9;
    auto p12 = p8 + p8;
    auto p13 = p8 - p9;
    auto p14 = p8 * p9;
    auto p15 = p8 / p9;
    auto p16 = p8 % p8;

    auto p17 = ~p8;
    auto p19 = p8 & p8;
    auto p20 = p8 | p8;
    auto p21 = p8 ^ p8;
    auto p22 = p8 << p8;
    auto p23 = p8 >> p8;

    auto p24 = 10 + p10;
    auto p25 = p10 + 10;

    auto v1 = property<std::vector<int>>{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    auto v2 = make_property(std::vector<int>{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 });
    [[maybe_unused]] auto tmp4 = v1->size();
    [[maybe_unused]] auto i1 = v1[0];
    [[maybe_unused]] auto i2 = std::as_const(v1)[0];
    [[maybe_unused]] auto i3 = as_volatile(v1)[0];

    [[maybe_unused]] auto it1 = v1.begin();
    [[maybe_unused]] decltype(auto) it2 = v2.begin();

    v1[0] = 11;
    v1[1] = 14;
    v1[2] = 17;
    v1[3] = 20;
    v1[4] = 23;

    for (auto i : v1) { std::cout << i << std::endl; }

    auto m1 = property<std::map<int, int>>(std::map<int, int>{ { 1, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 3, 3 } });
    auto m2 = make_property(std::map<int, int>{ { 1, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 3, 3 } });
    m1[1] = 11;
    m1[2] = 22;
    m1[3] = 33;

    for (auto i : m1) { std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second << std::endl; }

    auto ptr1 = make_property(std::make_shared<std::string>("C++23"));
    auto ptr2 = make_property(std::make_unique<std::string>("C++26"));
    auto ptr3 = make_property(std::make_shared<std::string>("C++1998"));
    auto ptr4 = make_property(std::make_unique<std::string>("C++2001"));
    auto ptr5 = make_property(std::make_shared<int[]>(3));
    auto ptr6 = make_property(std::make_shared<int[]>(3));

    ptr5[0] = ptr6[0] = 111;
    ptr5[1] = ptr6[1] = 222;
    ptr5[2] = ptr6[2] = 333;

    strip(ptr3).reset();
    delete strip(ptr4).release();

    ptr1.invoke(&std::shared_ptr<std::string>::get);
    ptr2.invoke(&std::unique_ptr<std::string>::reset, new std::string("Yey!"));

    strip(std::as_const(ptr3)).use_count();
    strip(as_volatile(ptr4)).get_deleter();

    strip(ptr5)[2] = strip(ptr6)[2] = -1;

    ptr1->length();
    (*ptr1).length();

    ptr2->size();
    (*ptr2).size();

    if (ptr1) std::cout << "not null" << std::endl;
    if (ptr2) std::cout << "not null" << std::endl;
    if (!ptr3) std::cout << "null" << std::endl;
    if (!ptr4) std::cout << "null" << std::endl;

    for (auto i = 0; i < 3; ++i) std::cout << ptr5[i] << ", " << ptr6[i] << std::endl;

    struct S { int x, y, z; };
    struct U : S {};

    auto ss = S{ 1, 2, 3 };
    auto uu = U{ 4, 5, 6 };

    auto ps1 = make_property<S>(1, 2, 3);
    auto ps2 = make_property(ss);
    auto ps3 = make_property(S{ 4, 5, 6 });

    auto ps5 = make_property<S>(uu);
    auto ps6 = make_property<S>(U{ 4, 5, 6 });

    auto ps8 = property<std::string>(10, '!');
    auto ps9 = make_property<std::string>(10, '!');

    struct SS { ~SS() { std::cout << "~SS\n"; } };

    auto dg1 = property{ "C++17" }; // property<std::string>
    auto dg2 = property{ L"C++17" }; // property<std::wstring>

    auto dg3 = make_property("C++17"); // property<std::string>
    auto dg4 = make_property(L"C++17"); // property<std::wstring>

    auto dg5 = property{ new int{ 17 } }; // property<std::unique_ptr<int>>
    auto dg6 = property{ new SS }; // property<std::unique_ptr<SS>>

    auto dg7 = make_property(new int{ 17 }); // property<std::unique_ptr<int>>
    auto dg8 = make_property(new SS); // property<std::unique_ptr<SS>>

    auto dg9 = property{ v1.begin(), v1.end() }; // property<std::vector<int>>
    auto dg10 = property{ m1.begin(), m1.end() }; // property<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>

    auto dg11 = make_property(v1.begin(), v1.end()); // property<std::vector<int>>
    auto dg12 = make_property(m1.begin(), m1.end()); // property<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>

    if (&dg1 != &*dg1) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg2 != &*dg2) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg3 != &dg3.get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg4 != &dg4.get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

    if (&dg5 != dg5.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg6 != dg6.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg7 != dg7.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");
    if (&dg8 != dg8.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

    strip(dg6).reset();
    strip(dg8).reset();

    auto fsp1 = fs_property<int>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp1.bin"));
    auto fsp2 = fs_property<int>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp2.bin"), 17);
    auto fsp3 = fs_property<float>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp3.bin"), 20.0f);
    auto fsp4 = fs_property<double>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp4.bin"), 23.0);
    auto fsp5 = fs_property<std::string>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp5.txt"), "I LUV C++\nI LUV C++");
    auto fsp6 = fs_property<std::wstring>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp6.txt"), L"I LUV C++ Too\nI LUV C++ Too\nI LUV C++ Too");

    fsp1 = 11;
    fsp2 = 14;
    fsp3 = 3.141f;
    fsp4 = 1720.11;

    std::cout << "\n" << fsp1 << ", " << fsp2 << ", " << fsp3 << ", " << fsp4 << "\n";
    std::cout << fsp5 << "\n";
    std::wcout << fsp6 << L"\n";

    std::cout << "\nTHE END!\n";
}

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#include <iostream>

#include <map>

#include <memory>

#include <stdexcept>

#include <string>

#include <vector>

#include "property.hpp"

void foo(std::string& s) {}

void foo(const std::string& s) {}

void bar(std::string& s) {}

auto qaz(const property<std::string>& prop)

{

auto tmp = property<std::string>{ prop };

return tmp;

}

int main()

{

using namespace std::string_literals;

// UPDATE PROCS: called when property is modified...

auto update_proc1 = [](const property<std::string>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };

auto update_proc2 = [](const property<int>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };

auto update_proc3 = [](const property<float>& p, void* ctx) { std::cout << &p << " / " << ctx << " updated with " << p << std::endl; };

auto p1 = make_property<std::string>("C++11"); // property<std::string>{ "C++11" };

auto p2 = make_property(p1); // property<std::string>{ p1 };

auto p3 = make_property(std::move(p2)); // std::move(p2);

p2 = qaz("C++11");

p2 = qaz("C++11"s);

auto s1 = "C++14"s;

auto s2 = "C++17"s;

auto p4 = make_property(s1); // property<std::string>{ s1 };

auto p5 = make_property(std::move(s2)); // property<std::string>{ std::move(s2) };

auto p6 = property<std::string>{ "C++20"s };

auto p7 = property<std::string>{ (const std::string&)std::string{ "C++23" } };

p1.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x11111111);

p2.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x22222222);

p3.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x33333333);

p4.set_update_proc(update_proc1, (void*)0x44444444);

p1 = p6;

p2 = std::move(p7);

p3 = s1;

p4 = std::move(s1);

foo(p3); // OK! implicit user-defined type conversion returns CONST reference!

foo(std::as_const(p3));

foo(as_volatile(p3));

foo(strip(std::as_const(p3)));

foo(strip(as_volatile(p3)));

foo(*p3); // WARNING! explicit call to operator* returns NON-const reference!

foo(*std::as_const(p3));

foo(*as_volatile(p3));

foo(p4.get()); // WARNING! explicit call to get() returns NON-const reference!

foo(std::as_const(p4).get());

foo(as_volatile(p4).get());

//bar(p4); // ERROR! implicit conversion to non-const reference is forbiden!

bar(p4.get()); // OK! explicit call to get() to convert to non-const reference is allowed!

bar(*p4); // OK! explicit call to operator* to convert to non-const reference is allowed!

bar(strip(p4)); // OK! explicit call to strip is allowed!

bar(static_cast<std::string&>(p4)); // OK! explicit conversion to non-const reference is allowed!

std::string s3 = p3;

std::string s4 = std::move(p3);

[[maybe_unused]] auto tmp1 = p1->size();

[[maybe_unused]] auto tmp2 = std::as_const(p2)->length();

[[maybe_unused]] auto tmp3 = as_volatile(p3)->c_str();

tmp1 = p1.invoke(&std::string::size);

tmp2 = std::as_const(p2).invoke(&std::string::length);

tmp3 = as_volatile(p3).invoke(&std::string::c_str);

using Str = std::string;

void(Str::*mptr1)(Str::size_type, Str::value_type) = static_cast<void(Str::*)(Str::size_type, Str::value_type)>(&Str::resize);

p1.invoke(mptr1, p1->size() + 3, '-');

p2.invoke(mptr1, p2->size() + 5, '*');

Str::iterator(Str::*mptr2)(Str::const_iterator, Str::size_type, Str::value_type) = static_cast<Str::iterator(Str::*)(Str::const_iterator, Str::size_type, Str::value_type)>(&Str::insert);

p3.invoke(mptr2, p3->end(), 7, '=');

std::cout << p1 << std::endl;

std::cout << p2 << std::endl;

std::cout << p3 << std::endl;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r1 = p1 == p2;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r2 = p1 == p1;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r3 = p1 == "C++20";

[[maybe_unused]] auto r4 = "C++20" == p1;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r5 = p1 == "C++20"s;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r6 = "C++20"s == p1;

auto p8 = make_property(1); // property<int>{ 1 };

auto p8_2 = make_property<float>(1); // property<float>{ 1 };

auto p9 = make_property(1.f); // property<float>{ 1.f };

auto p9_2 = make_property<int>(1.f); // property<int>{ 1.f };

p8.set_update_proc(update_proc2, (void*)0x88888888);

p9.set_update_proc(update_proc3, (void*)0x99999999);

//std::cin >> p8;

//std::wcin >> p9;

p8 = 2;

p8 = 2.f;

p9 = 3;

p9 = 3.f;

p8 = p9;

p9 = p8;

p8 = (int)p9;

//p9 = p9;

p8 += p8;

p9 += p8;

p8 += p9;

p8 += 1;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r7 = p8 < p9;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r8 = p8 == 2;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r9 = 3 == p9;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r10 = p1 == p2;

[[maybe_unused]] auto r11 = p1 > p2;

auto p10 = +p8;

auto p11 = -p9;

auto p12 = p8 + p8;

auto p13 = p8 - p9;

auto p14 = p8 * p9;

auto p15 = p8 / p9;

auto p16 = p8 % p8;

auto p17 = ~p8;

auto p19 = p8 & p8;

auto p20 = p8 | p8;

auto p21 = p8 ^ p8;

auto p22 = p8 << p8;

auto p23 = p8 >> p8;

auto p24 = 10 + p10;

auto p25 = p10 + 10;

auto v1 = property<std::vector<int>>{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

auto v2 = make_property(std::vector<int>{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 });

[[maybe_unused]] auto tmp4 = v1->size();

[[maybe_unused]] auto i1 = v1[0];

[[maybe_unused]] auto i2 = std::as_const(v1)[0];

[[maybe_unused]] auto i3 = as_volatile(v1)[0];

[[maybe_unused]] auto it1 = v1.begin();

[[maybe_unused]] decltype(auto) it2 = v2.begin();

v1[0] = 11;

v1[1] = 14;

v1[2] = 17;

v1[3] = 20;

v1[4] = 23;

for (auto i : v1) { std::cout << i << std::endl; }

auto m1 = property<std::map<int, int>>(std::map<int, int>{ { 1, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 3, 3 } });

auto m2 = make_property(std::map<int, int>{ { 1, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 3, 3 } });

m1[1] = 11;

m1[2] = 22;

m1[3] = 33;

for (auto i : m1) { std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second << std::endl; }

auto ptr1 = make_property(std::make_shared<std::string>("C++23"));

auto ptr2 = make_property(std::make_unique<std::string>("C++26"));

auto ptr3 = make_property(std::make_shared<std::string>("C++1998"));

auto ptr4 = make_property(std::make_unique<std::string>("C++2001"));

auto ptr5 = make_property(std::make_shared<int[]>(3));

auto ptr6 = make_property(std::make_shared<int[]>(3));

ptr5[0] = ptr6[0] = 111;

ptr5[1] = ptr6[1] = 222;

ptr5[2] = ptr6[2] = 333;

strip(ptr3).reset();

delete strip(ptr4).release();

ptr1.invoke(&std::shared_ptr<std::string>::get);

ptr2.invoke(&std::unique_ptr<std::string>::reset, new std::string("Yey!"));

strip(std::as_const(ptr3)).use_count();

strip(as_volatile(ptr4)).get_deleter();

strip(ptr5)[2] = strip(ptr6)[2] = -1;

ptr1->length();

(*ptr1).length();

ptr2->size();

(*ptr2).size();

if (ptr1) std::cout << "not null" << std::endl;

if (ptr2) std::cout << "not null" << std::endl;

if (!ptr3) std::cout << "null" << std::endl;

if (!ptr4) std::cout << "null" << std::endl;

for (auto i = 0; i < 3; ++i) std::cout << ptr5[i] << ", " << ptr6[i] << std::endl;

struct S { int x, y, z; };

struct U : S {};

auto ss = S{ 1, 2, 3 };

auto uu = U{ 4, 5, 6 };

auto ps1 = make_property<S>(1, 2, 3);

auto ps2 = make_property(ss);

auto ps3 = make_property(S{ 4, 5, 6 });

auto ps5 = make_property<S>(uu);

auto ps6 = make_property<S>(U{ 4, 5, 6 });

auto ps8 = property<std::string>(10, '!');

auto ps9 = make_property<std::string>(10, '!');

struct SS { ~SS() { std::cout << "~SS\n"; } };

auto dg1 = property{ "C++17" }; // property<std::string>

auto dg2 = property{ L"C++17" }; // property<std::wstring>

auto dg3 = make_property("C++17"); // property<std::string>

auto dg4 = make_property(L"C++17"); // property<std::wstring>

auto dg5 = property{ new int{ 17 } }; // property<std::unique_ptr<int>>

auto dg6 = property{ new SS }; // property<std::unique_ptr<SS>>

auto dg7 = make_property(new int{ 17 }); // property<std::unique_ptr<int>>

auto dg8 = make_property(new SS); // property<std::unique_ptr<SS>>

auto dg9 = property{ v1.begin(), v1.end() }; // property<std::vector<int>>

auto dg10 = property{ m1.begin(), m1.end() }; // property<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>

auto dg11 = make_property(v1.begin(), v1.end()); // property<std::vector<int>>

auto dg12 = make_property(m1.begin(), m1.end()); // property<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>

if (&dg1 != &*dg1) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg2 != &*dg2) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg3 != &dg3.get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg4 != &dg4.get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg5 != dg5.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg6 != dg6.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg7 != dg7.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

if (&dg8 != dg8.get().get()) throw std::logic_error("Bad pointer!");

strip(dg6).reset();

strip(dg8).reset();

auto fsp1 = fs_property<int>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp1.bin"));

auto fsp2 = fs_property<int>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp2.bin"), 17);

auto fsp3 = fs_property<float>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp3.bin"), 20.0f);

auto fsp4 = fs_property<double>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp4.bin"), 23.0);

auto fsp5 = fs_property<std::string>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp5.txt"), "I LUV C++\nI LUV C++");

auto fsp6 = fs_property<std::wstring>(std::filesystem::path("./fsp6.txt"), L"I LUV C++ Too\nI LUV C++ Too\nI LUV C++ Too");

fsp1 = 11;

fsp2 = 14;

fsp3 = 3.141f;

fsp4 = 1720.11;

std::cout << "\n" << fsp1 << ", " << fsp2 << ", " << fsp3 << ", " << fsp4 << "\n";

std::cout << fsp5 << "\n";

std::wcout << fsp6 << L"\n";

std::cout << "\nTHE END!\n";

}

#pragma once

#include <concepts>
#include <filesystem>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <ios>
#include <istream>
#include <iterator>
#include <memory>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>



template<typename PT> concept std_smart_pointer = requires (PT p)
{
    typename PT::element_type;
    { static_cast<bool>(p) };
}
and std::disjunction_v<
    std::is_same<PT, std::shared_ptr<typename PT::element_type>>,
    std::is_same<PT, std::unique_ptr<typename PT::element_type>>,
    std::is_same<PT, std::shared_ptr<typename PT::element_type[]>>,
    std::is_same<PT, std::unique_ptr<typename PT::element_type[]>>>;



template<typename CT> concept std_container = requires(CT a, const CT b)
{
    requires std::regular<CT>;
    requires std::swappable<CT>;
    requires std::destructible<typename CT::value_type>;
    requires std::same_as<typename CT::reference, typename CT::value_type&>;
    requires std::same_as<typename CT::const_reference, const typename CT::value_type&>;
    requires std::forward_iterator<typename CT::iterator>;
    requires std::forward_iterator<typename CT::const_iterator>;
    requires std::signed_integral<typename CT::difference_type>;
    requires std::same_as<typename CT::difference_type, typename std::iterator_traits<typename CT::iterator>::difference_type>;
    requires std::same_as<typename CT::difference_type, typename std::iterator_traits<typename CT::const_iterator>::difference_type>;
    { a.begin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::iterator>;
    { a.end() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::iterator>;
    { b.begin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;
    { b.end() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;
    { a.cbegin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;
    { a.cend() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;
    { a.size() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::size_type>;
    { a.max_size() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::size_type>;
    { a.empty() } -> std::same_as<bool>;
};



template<typename T> concept non_pointer = (not std::is_pointer_v<T>);
template<typename T> concept non_reference = (not std::is_reference_v<T>);
template<typename T> concept basic_property_type = ((non_pointer<T> and non_reference<T>) or std_smart_pointer<T> or std_container<T>);



template<basic_property_type T>
struct basic_property_policy
{
    using value_type = T;
    using reference = value_type&;
    using const_reference = const value_type&;
    using rvalue_reference = value_type&&;
    using pointer = value_type*;
    using const_pointer = const value_type*;

    basic_property_policy() = default;
    basic_property_policy(const basic_property_policy& other) : m_value(other.get()) {}
    basic_property_policy(basic_property_policy&& other) noexcept : m_value(std::move(other.get())) {}
    ~basic_property_policy() noexcept = default;

    basic_property_policy(const_reference value) : m_value(value) {}
    basic_property_policy(rvalue_reference value) : m_value(std::move(value)) {}

    template<typename U> requires (std::convertible_to<U, T>)
    basic_property_policy(U&& value) : m_value(static_cast<T>(std::forward<U>(value))) {}

    template<typename... Args> requires (std::constructible_from<T, Args...>)
    basic_property_policy(Args&&... args) : m_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}

    template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, std::initializer_list<U>>)
    basic_property_policy(std::initializer_list<U> l) : m_value(l) {}

    [[nodiscard]] reference get() { return m_value; }
    [[nodiscard]] const_reference get() const { return m_value; }
    [[nodiscard]] const_reference get() const volatile { return const_cast<const_reference>(m_value); }

    void set(const_reference value) { m_value = value; }
    void set(rvalue_reference value) noexcept { m_value = std::move(value); }

private:
    T m_value;
};



template<basic_property_type T>
struct file_storage_property_policy
{
    using value_type = T;
    using reference = value_type&;
    using const_reference = const value_type&;
    using rvalue_reference = value_type&&;
    using pointer = value_type*;
    using const_pointer = const value_type*;

    explicit file_storage_property_policy(const std::filesystem::path& path) : m_path(path) {}

    file_storage_property_policy(const std::filesystem::path& path, const_reference value) : m_path(path) { set(value); }

    template<typename U = T> requires (not std::same_as<U, std::string> and not std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)
    [[nodiscard]] value_type get() const
    {
        using in_char_t = typename std::ifstream::char_type;

        auto value = T{};
        auto ifs = std::ifstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::in);

        ifs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
        ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<in_char_t*>(&value), sizeof(value));
        ifs.close();

        return value;
    }

    template<typename U = T> requires (std::same_as<U, std::string> or std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)
    [[nodiscard]] value_type get() const
    {
        using in_char_t = typename std::ifstream::char_type;

        auto value = U{};
        auto ifs = std::ifstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::in | std::ios::ate);

        ifs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);

        auto bytes = ifs.tellg();
        value.resize(bytes / sizeof(typename U::value_type));
        ifs.seekg(0);

        ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<in_char_t*>(value.data()), bytes);
        ifs.close();

        return value;
    }

    template<typename U = T> requires (not std::same_as<U, std::string> and not std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)
    void set(const_reference value)
    {
        using out_char_t = typename std::ofstream::char_type;

        auto ofs = std::ofstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);

        ofs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
        ofs.write(reinterpret_cast<const out_char_t*>(&value), sizeof(value));
        ofs.flush();
        ofs.close();
    }

    template<typename U = T> requires (std::same_as<U, std::string> or std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)
    void set(const_reference value)
    {
        using out_char_t = typename std::ofstream::char_type;

        auto ofs = std::ofstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);

        ofs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
        ofs.write(reinterpret_cast<const out_char_t*>(value.data()), value.length() * sizeof(typename U::value_type));
        ofs.flush();
        ofs.close();
    }

private:
    std::filesystem::path m_path;
};



template<basic_property_type T, typename P>
class basic_property : private P
{
public:
    using typename P::value_type;
    using typename P::reference;
    using typename P::const_reference;
    using typename P::rvalue_reference;
    using typename P::pointer;
    using typename P::const_pointer;

    using P::P;
    using P::get;

    basic_property() = default;
    basic_property(const basic_property&) = default;
    basic_property(basic_property&&) noexcept = default;
    ~basic_property() noexcept { clear_update_proc(); }

    basic_property(const_reference value) : P(value) {}
    basic_property(rvalue_reference value) : P(std::move(value)) {}

    template<typename U> requires (std::convertible_to<U, T>)
    basic_property(U&& value) : P(std::forward<U>(value)) {}

    template<typename... Args> requires (std::constructible_from<T, Args...>)
    basic_property(Args&&... args) : P(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}

    template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, std::initializer_list<U>>)
    basic_property(std::initializer_list<U> l) : P(l) {}

    basic_property& operator = (const basic_property& other)
    {
        P::set(other.get());
        dispatch_update();
        return *this;
    }

    basic_property& operator = (basic_property&& other) noexcept
    {
        P::set(std::move(other.get()));
        dispatch_update();
        return *this;
    }

    basic_property& operator = (const_reference value)
    {
        P::set(value);
        dispatch_update();
        return *this;
    }

    basic_property& operator = (rvalue_reference value) noexcept
    {
        P::set(std::move(value));
        dispatch_update();
        return *this;
    }

    template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, U>
    and not std::same_as<T, std::remove_cvref_t<U>> and not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>)
    basic_property& operator = (U&& value)
    {
        P::set(std::forward<U>(value));
        dispatch_update();
        return *this;
    }

    [[nodiscard]] auto operator <=> (const basic_property& other) const { return P::get() <=> other.get(); }
    [[nodiscard]] bool operator == (const basic_property& other) const { return P::get() == other.get(); }

    template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>)
    [[nodiscard]] auto operator <=> (const U& other) const { return P::get() <=> other; }

    template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>)
    [[nodiscard]] bool operator == (const U& other) const { return P::get() == other; }

#if defined(DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR)
#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR
#endif

#define DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(OP) \
    basic_property& operator OP (const basic_property& other) \
    { \
        P::get() OP other.get(); \
        dispatch_update(); \
        return *this; \
    } \
    \
    template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>) \
    basic_property& operator OP (const U& value) \
    { \
        P::get() OP value; \
        dispatch_update(); \
        return *this; \
    }

    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(+=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(-=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(*=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(/=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(%=);

    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(&=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(|=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(^=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(<<=);
    DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(>>=);

#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR

    explicit operator reference () { return P::get(); }
    operator const_reference () const { return P::get(); }
    operator const_reference () const volatile { return P::get(); }



    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] pointer operator & () { return &P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const_pointer operator & () const { return &P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const_pointer operator & () const volatile { return &P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] reference operator * () { return P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const_reference operator * () const { return P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const_reference operator * () const volatile { return P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    pointer operator -> () { return &P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    const_pointer operator -> () const { return &P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    const_pointer operator -> () const volatile { return &P::get(); }



    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return static_cast<bool>(P::get()); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] PT::element_type* operator & () { return P::get().get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const PT::element_type* operator & () const { return P::get().get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const PT::element_type* operator & () const volatile { return P::get().get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] PT::element_type& operator * () { return *P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const PT::element_type& operator * () const { return *P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    [[nodiscard]] const PT::element_type& operator * () const volatile { return *P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    reference operator -> () { return P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    const_reference operator -> () const { return P::get(); }

    template<typename PT = T> requires (std_smart_pointer<PT>)
    const_reference operator -> () const volatile { return P::get(); }



    template<typename U> requires (std_smart_pointer<T> or std_container<T>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) operator [] (U&& index) { return P::get()[std::forward<U>(index)]; }

    template<typename U> requires (std_smart_pointer<T> or std_container<T>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) operator [] (U&& index) const { return P::get()[std::forward<U>(index)]; }

    template<typename U> requires (std_smart_pointer<T> or std_container<T>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) operator [] (U&& index) const volatile { return P::get()[std::forward<U>(index)]; }



    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) begin() { return P::get().begin(); }

    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) end() { return P::get().end(); }

    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) begin() const { return P::get().begin(); }

    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) end() const { return P::get().end(); }

    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) cbegin() { return P::get().cbegin(); }

    template<typename C = T> requires (std_container<C>)
    [[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) cend() { return P::get().cend(); }



    template<typename Func, typename... Args> requires (std::invocable<Func, T, Args...>)
    auto invoke(Func&& func, Args&&... args) -> std::invoke_result_t<Func, T, Args...>
    {
        return std::invoke(std::forward<Func>(func), P::get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    template<typename Func, typename... Args> requires (std::invocable<Func, T, Args...>)
    auto invoke(Func&& func, Args&&... args) const -> std::invoke_result_t<Func, T, Args...>
    {
        return std::invoke(std::forward<Func>(func), P::get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    template<typename Func, typename... Args> requires (std::invocable<Func, T, Args...>)
    auto invoke(Func&& func, Args&&... args) const volatile -> std::invoke_result_t<Func, T, Args...>
    {
        return std::invoke(std::forward<Func>(func), P::get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }



    template<typename Proc> requires (std::invocable<Proc, basic_property, void*>)
    void set_update_proc(Proc&& proc, void* ctx) { k_update_proc_map.insert_or_assign(this, std::make_pair(std::forward<Proc>(proc), ctx)); }

    void clear_update_proc() noexcept { k_update_proc_map.erase(this); }

    friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& output, const basic_property& prop)
    {
        output << prop.get();
        return output;
    }

    friend std::wostream& operator << (std::wostream& output, const basic_property& prop)
    {
        output << prop.get();
        return output;
    }

    friend std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& input, basic_property& prop)
    {
        input >> prop.get();
        prop.dispatch_update();
        return input;
    }

    friend std::wistream& operator >> (std::wistream& input, basic_property& prop)
    {
        input >> prop.get();
        prop.dispatch_update();
        return input;
    }

private:
    using update_proc_t = std::function<void(const basic_property&, void*)>;
    using update_proc_map_key_t = void*;
    using update_proc_map_val_t = std::pair<update_proc_t, void*>;
    using update_proc_map_t = std::unordered_map<update_proc_map_key_t, update_proc_map_val_t>;

    inline static auto k_update_proc_map = update_proc_map_t{};

    void dispatch_update() noexcept
    {
        if (auto it = k_update_proc_map.find(this); it != std::end(k_update_proc_map))
        {
            auto& proc = it->second.first;
            auto& ctx = it->second.second;
            proc(*this, ctx);
        }
    }
};



basic_property(const char*) -> basic_property<std::string, basic_property_policy<std::string>>;
basic_property(const wchar_t*) -> basic_property<std::wstring, basic_property_policy<std::wstring>>;

template<typename T> basic_property(T*) -> basic_property<std::unique_ptr<T>, basic_property_policy<std::unique_ptr<T>>>;

template<typename Iterator> basic_property(Iterator, Iterator) ->
    basic_property<std::vector<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type>,
    basic_property_policy<std::vector<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type>>>;



template<basic_property_type T, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(const basic_property<T, P>& prop)
{
    using U = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<U, P>(prop);
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(basic_property<T, P>&& prop)
{
    using U = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<U, P>(std::move(prop));
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(const T& value)
{
    using U = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<U, P>(value);
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(T&& value)
{
    using U = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<U, P>(std::move(value));
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename U, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
requires (std::convertible_to<U, T>)
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(U&& value)
{
    using V = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<V, P>(std::forward<U>(value));
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename... Args, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
requires (std::constructible_from<T, Args...>)
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(Args&&... args)
{
    using U = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<U, P>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}

template<basic_property_type T, typename U, typename P = basic_property_policy<T>>
requires (std::constructible_from<T, std::initializer_list<U>>)
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(std::initializer_list<U> l)
{
    using V = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
    return basic_property<V, P>(l);
}

[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(const char* str)
{
    return basic_property(str);
}

[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(const wchar_t* str)
{
    return basic_property(str);
}

template<typename T>
requires (std::is_pointer_v<T>)
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(T ptr)
{
    return basic_property(ptr);
}

template<typename Iterator>
requires (std::input_iterator<Iterator>)
[[nodiscard]] auto make_property(Iterator begin, Iterator end)
{
    return basic_property(begin, end);
}



template<typename T, typename P>
[[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) strip(basic_property<T, P>& prop)
{
    return static_cast<T&>(prop);
}

template<typename T, typename P>
[[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) strip(const basic_property<T, P>& prop)
{
    return static_cast<const T&>(prop);
}

template<typename T, typename P>
[[nodiscard]] decltype(auto) strip(const volatile basic_property<T, P>& prop)
{
    return static_cast<const T&>(prop);
}



template<typename T, typename P>
[[nodiscard]] const volatile basic_property<T, P>& as_volatile(const basic_property<T, P>& prop)
{
    return const_cast<const volatile basic_property<T, P>&>(prop);
}



#if defined(DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY)
#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY
#endif

#define DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(PT, OP) \
    template<typename T> \
    [[nodiscard]] auto operator OP (const PT<T>& prop) -> \
        PT<decltype(OP std::declval<T>())> \
            { return { OP prop.get() }; }

#if defined(DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY)
#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY
#endif

#define DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(PT, OP) \
    template<typename T1, typename T2> \
    [[nodiscard]] auto operator OP (const PT<T1>& lhs, const PT<T2>& rhs) -> \
        PT<decltype(std::declval<T1>() OP std::declval<T2>())> \
            { return { lhs.get() OP rhs.get() }; } \
    \
    template<typename T, typename U> requires (not std::same_as<PT<T>, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>) \
    [[nodiscard]] auto operator OP (const PT<T>& lhs, const U& rhs) -> \
        PT<decltype(std::declval<T>() OP std::declval<U>())> \
            { return { lhs.get() OP rhs }; } \
    \
    template<typename U, typename T> requires (not std::same_as<std::remove_cvref_t<U>, PT<T>> \
    and not std::same_as<std::remove_cvref_t<U>, std::ostream> and not std::same_as<std::remove_cvref_t<U>, std::wostream> \
    and not std::same_as<std::remove_cvref_t<U>, std::istream> and not std::same_as<std::remove_cvref_t<U>, std::wistream>) \
    [[nodiscard]] auto operator OP (const U& lhs, const PT<T>& rhs) -> \
        PT<decltype(std::declval<U>() OP std::declval<T>())> \
            { return { lhs OP rhs.get() }; }



template<basic_property_type T> using property = basic_property<T, basic_property_policy<T>>;

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(property, +);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(property, -);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, +);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, -);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, *);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, /);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, %)

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(property, ~);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, &);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, |);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, ^);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, <<);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(property, >>);



template<basic_property_type T> using fs_property = basic_property<T, file_storage_property_policy<T>>;

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(fs_property, +);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(fs_property, -);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, +);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, -);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, *);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, /);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, %)

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY(fs_property, ~);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, &);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, |);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, ^);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, <<);
DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY(fs_property, >>);

#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_UNARY
#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR_BINARY

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#pragma once

#include <concepts>

#include <filesystem>

#include <fstream>

#include <functional>

#include <initializer_list>

#include <ios>

#include <istream>

#include <iterator>

#include <memory>

#include <ostream>

#include <string>

#include <type_traits>

#include <unordered_map>

#include <utility>

#include <vector>

template<typename PT> concept std_smart_pointer = requires (PT p)

{

typename PT::element_type;

{ static_cast<bool>(p) };

}

and std::disjunction_v<

std::is_same<PT, std::shared_ptr<typename PT::element_type>>,

std::is_same<PT, std::unique_ptr<typename PT::element_type>>,

std::is_same<PT, std::shared_ptr<typename PT::element_type[]>>,

std::is_same<PT, std::unique_ptr<typename PT::element_type[]>>>;

template<typename CT> concept std_container = requires(CT a, const CT b)

{

requires std::regular<CT>;

requires std::swappable<CT>;

requires std::destructible<typename CT::value_type>;

requires std::same_as<typename CT::reference, typename CT::value_type&>;

requires std::same_as<typename CT::const_reference, const typename CT::value_type&>;

requires std::forward_iterator<typename CT::iterator>;

requires std::forward_iterator<typename CT::const_iterator>;

requires std::signed_integral<typename CT::difference_type>;

requires std::same_as<typename CT::difference_type, typename std::iterator_traits<typename CT::iterator>::difference_type>;

requires std::same_as<typename CT::difference_type, typename std::iterator_traits<typename CT::const_iterator>::difference_type>;

{ a.begin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::iterator>;

{ a.end() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::iterator>;

{ b.begin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;

{ b.end() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;

{ a.cbegin() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;

{ a.cend() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::const_iterator>;

{ a.size() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::size_type>;

{ a.max_size() } -> std::same_as<typename CT::size_type>;

{ a.empty() } -> std::same_as<bool>;

};

template<typename T> concept non_pointer = (not std::is_pointer_v<T>);

template<typename T> concept non_reference = (not std::is_reference_v<T>);

template<typename T> concept basic_property_type = ((non_pointer<T> and non_reference<T>) or std_smart_pointer<T> or std_container<T>);

template<basic_property_type T>

struct basic_property_policy

{

using value_type = T;

using reference = value_type&;

using const_reference = const value_type&;

using rvalue_reference = value_type&&;

using pointer = value_type*;

using const_pointer = const value_type*;

basic_property_policy() = default;

basic_property_policy(const basic_property_policy& other) : m_value(other.get()) {}

basic_property_policy(basic_property_policy&& other) noexcept : m_value(std::move(other.get())) {}

~basic_property_policy() noexcept = default;

basic_property_policy(const_reference value) : m_value(value) {}

basic_property_policy(rvalue_reference value) : m_value(std::move(value)) {}

template<typename U> requires (std::convertible_to<U, T>)

basic_property_policy(U&& value) : m_value(static_cast<T>(std::forward(value))) {}

template<typename... Args> requires (std::constructible_from<T, Args...>)

basic_property_policy(Args&&... args) : m_value(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}

template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, std::initializer_list>)

basic_property_policy(std::initializer_list l) : m_value(l) {}

[[nodiscard]] reference get() { return m_value; }

[[nodiscard]] const_reference get() const { return m_value; }

[[nodiscard]] const_reference get() const volatile { return const_cast<const_reference>(m_value); }

void set(const_reference value) { m_value = value; }

void set(rvalue_reference value) noexcept { m_value = std::move(value); }

private:

T m_value;

};

template<basic_property_type T>

struct file_storage_property_policy

{

using value_type = T;

using reference = value_type&;

using const_reference = const value_type&;

using rvalue_reference = value_type&&;

using pointer = value_type*;

using const_pointer = const value_type*;

explicit file_storage_property_policy(const std::filesystem::path& path) : m_path(path) {}

file_storage_property_policy(const std::filesystem::path& path, const_reference value) : m_path(path) { set(value); }

template<typename U = T> requires (not std::same_as<U, std::string> and not std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)

[[nodiscard]] value_type get() const

{

using in_char_t = typename std::ifstream::char_type;

auto value = T{};

auto ifs = std::ifstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::in);

ifs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);

ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<in_char_t*>(&value), sizeof(value));

ifs.close();

return value;

}

template<typename U = T> requires (std::same_as<U, std::string> or std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)

[[nodiscard]] value_type get() const

{

using in_char_t = typename std::ifstream::char_type;

auto value = U{};

auto ifs = std::ifstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::in | std::ios::ate);

ifs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);

auto bytes = ifs.tellg();

value.resize(bytes / sizeof(typename U::value_type));

ifs.seekg(0);

ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<in_char_t*>(value.data()), bytes);

ifs.close();

return value;

}

template<typename U = T> requires (not std::same_as<U, std::string> and not std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)

void set(const_reference value)

{

using out_char_t = typename std::ofstream::char_type;

auto ofs = std::ofstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);

ofs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);

ofs.write(reinterpret_cast<const out_char_t*>(&value), sizeof(value));

ofs.flush();

ofs.close();

}

template<typename U = T> requires (std::same_as<U, std::string> or std::same_as<U, std::wstring>)

void set(const_reference value)

{

using out_char_t = typename std::ofstream::char_type;

auto ofs = std::ofstream(m_path, std::ios_base::binary | std::ios_base::out | std::ios_base::trunc);

ofs.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);

ofs.write(reinterpret_cast<const out_char_t*>(value.data()), value.length() * sizeof(typename U::value_type));

ofs.flush();

ofs.close();

}

private:

std::filesystem::path m_path;

};

template<basic_property_type T, typename P>

class basic_property : private P

{

public:

using typename P::value_type;

using typename P::reference;

using typename P::const_reference;

using typename P::rvalue_reference;

using typename P::pointer;

using typename P::const_pointer;

using P::P;

using P::get;

basic_property() = default;

basic_property(const basic_property&) = default;

basic_property(basic_property&&) noexcept = default;

~basic_property() noexcept { clear_update_proc(); }

basic_property(const_reference value) : P(value) {}

basic_property(rvalue_reference value) : P(std::move(value)) {}

template<typename U> requires (std::convertible_to<U, T>)

basic_property(U&& value) : P(std::forward(value)) {}

template<typename... Args> requires (std::constructible_from<T, Args...>)

basic_property(Args&&... args) : P(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}

template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, std::initializer_list>)

basic_property(std::initializer_list l) : P(l) {}

basic_property& operator = (const basic_property& other)

{

P::set(other.get());

dispatch_update();

return *this;

}

basic_property& operator = (basic_property&& other) noexcept

{

P::set(std::move(other.get()));

dispatch_update();

return *this;

}

basic_property& operator = (const_reference value)

{

P::set(value);

dispatch_update();

return *this;

}

basic_property& operator = (rvalue_reference value) noexcept

{

P::set(std::move(value));

dispatch_update();

return *this;

}

template<typename U> requires (std::constructible_from<T, U>

and not std::same_as<T, std::remove_cvref_t> and not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t>)

basic_property& operator = (U&& value)

{

P::set(std::forward(value));

dispatch_update();

return *this;

}

[[nodiscard]] auto operator <=> (const basic_property& other) const { return P::get() <=> other.get(); }

[[nodiscard]] bool operator == (const basic_property& other) const { return P::get() == other.get(); }

template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t>)

[[nodiscard]] auto operator <=> (const U& other) const { return P::get() <=> other; }

template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t>)

[[nodiscard]] bool operator == (const U& other) const { return P::get() == other; }

#if defined(DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR)

#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR

#endif

#define DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(OP) \

basic_property& operator OP (const basic_property& other) \

{ \

P::get() OP other.get(); \

dispatch_update(); \

return *this; \

} \

template<typename U> requires (not std::same_as<basic_property, std::remove_cvref_t>) \

basic_property& operator OP (const U& value) \

{ \

P::get() OP value; \

dispatch_update(); \

return *this; \

}

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(+=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(-=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(*=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(/=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(%=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(&=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(|=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(^=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(<<=);

DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR(>>=);

#undef DEFINE_PROPERTY_OPERATOR

explicit operator reference () { return P::get(); }

operator const_reference () const { return P::get(); }

operator const_reference () const volatile { return P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] pointer operator & () { return &P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] const_pointer operator & () const { return &P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] const_pointer operator & () const volatile { return &P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] reference operator * () { return P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] const_reference operator * () const { return P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

[[nodiscard]] const_reference operator * () const volatile { return P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

pointer operator -> () { return &P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

const_pointer operator -> () const { return &P::get(); }

template<typename PT = T> requires (not std_smart_pointer<PT>)

const_pointer operator -> () const volatile { return &P::get(); }